From Aurangzeb's demise up till Bahadur Shah zafar you will see the same monotonous theme of nobles overpowering these so called monarchs. One noble Ghulam Qadir personally blinded the Mughal king Shah Alam and had a painter draw a picture of him doing so.
Akbar had created a powerful army and instituted effective political and social reforms. By abolishing the sectarian tax on Hindus and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Muslim ruler to win the trust and loyalty of his Hindu subjects. Chittagong remained a key port throughout Mughal rule. In , Aurangzeb dispatched his son, Muhammad Azam Shah, with a force of nearly 50, men to capture Bijapur Fort and defeat Sikandar Adil Shah the ruler of Bijapur who refused to be a vassal.
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What is reigning monarch? Which museum has got the Peacock Throne? Legendary gems such as the Timur ruby and the Akbar Shah, the Jahangir as well as the Koh-i-Noor diamond made up the peacock's composition.
A verse praising the achievements of Shah Jahan was engraved in emerald on the Throne. An estimated emeralds, rubies, and several precious diamonds, sapphires, and pearls were used in its creation. There were silver steps leading up to a 6 ft by 4 ft platform. The platform was elevated about 25 inches high over four gold encased feet. An arched silk canopy covered the platform and was supported by 12 gold columns, which were decorated by bands of pearls that weighed 6 to 10 carats each!
Tavernier found many of the emeralds to be flawed but was very impressed by the pearls and deemed them the most valuable part of the Throne.
The Peacock Throne remained in possession of Shah Jahan's descendants and subsequent Mughal Rulers until the year During the reign of Muhammad Shah, the Mughal empire was in decline and Nadir Shah of Iran used this opportunity to invade the Mughal capital city of Delhi. Muhammad Shah was easily overthrown and relinquished his wealth to the invaders. The appropriation of the Throne was a powerful symbol of the Shah's victory over the once-powerful Mughal dynasty. In the year , Nadir Shah was assassinated by his own bodyguards and Persia descended into chaos.
In the anarchy that ensued looters ransacked the palace and dismantled the Peacock Throne. The gemstones embedded in the throne were likely divided and sold by the looters leaving no conclusive trace. While there have been many rumors over time of findings of parts of the Throne or its gemstones, there hasn't been much in the way of irrefutable evidence.
The diamond was worn by Durrani and his descendants in a bracelet until around when it was handed over to Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire. When the Kingdom of Punjab was annexed by the East India Company in , the diamond along with Ranjit Singh's other assets made its way into the British coffers.
This impressive and highly sought-after stone started out at a whopping carats, though after changing many hands and re-cutting, the most recent weight is estimated at about carats. Though undeniably an impressive gemstone, it is hard to fathom that it was merely one of the many that lay embedded in Shah Jahan's magnificent Throne. The splendor of the original Peacock Throne continued to enthral both Mughal and Persian rulers in the later years.
With designs reminiscent of Shah Jahan's original Throne, later monarchs of the Qajar and the Pahlavi dynasties of Iran created grand thrones that were also called Peacock Thrones.
Over time the term Peacock Throne came to refer to the Iranian monarchy as a whole rather than a particular Throne. In other words the throne was meant to be portable and easily carried as the king moves around in his domain, and especially when he moved to his summer residences.
The throne which is 2. The total number of jewels covering the throne is exactly 26, On the backrest of the throne there are four very large emeralds and four very large spinels. The largest emerald and the largest spinel weigh carats and 65 carats respectively. The largest ruby on the throne weighs 35 carats.
The most attractive part of the throne which is the backrest is designed in the form of a peacock tail, with figures of symmetrically placed pairs of ducks and dragons incorporated. The motif shows two pairs of ducks, a pair of dragons, and a floral pattern in the center. A lion motif is depicted on the front panel of the footstool, and the front panel of the seat shows a leaf pattern.
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi who ascended the Iranian Throne in , had actually vowed not to have his coronation until he was able to bring growth and development to his country and emancipate his people socially and economically. The most popular of these changes was the sweeping land reforms, that re-distributed lands belonging to a few rich landlords and the clergy wakf properties , among 2.
The event that was one of the most glittering and splendorous events ever held in the long history of the Iranian monarchy, had unlike in the past, a worldwide audience, given wide coverage by the international press and brought to the homes of millions of television viewers around the world.
The coronation ceremony was also unique in another respect, as it was an occasion that had a triple significance, viz. Empress Farah became the first empress ever to be crowned in the 2,year history of the Iranian monarchy, and for this a special crown was designed and created by Van Cleef and Arpels of Paris.
The coronation took place in the Grand Hall of the Golestan Palace in the presence of distinguished guests that included the monarchies of other countries, world leaders, and diplomats. Besides this 5, other distinguished invitees were also accommodated in special enclosures constructed in the gardens of the Golestan Palace, just outside the Grand Hall.
The climax of the coronation ceremony was when the Shah entered the Grand Hall, preceded by the commanders of the Imperial Navy, Air Force and the Army. The Shah walked along the red carpet, acknowledging the bows and courtesies that came from the distinguished guests who lined up on either side of the red carpet.
After the Shah reached the Naderi Throne placed on top of a raised platform at the end of the hall, he turned round and stood still for a moment facing the invited guests in the Hall.
All the guests remained standing. His Imperial Majesty then bowed towards the right and the left, acknowledging the homage of the guests, and inviting everyone to take their seats, climbed the Naderi throne and sat on it. Four other officers carried the other coronation regalia such as the emerald belt, the royal sword, the jewel studded imperial robe and the royal scepter.
The Imam recited a special prayer for the coronation and later presented the holy book to the Shah, who after standing up and receiving it, kissed it and placed it on the cushion covered tray on which it was brought. Then the other rituals of the coronation followed. An officer carrying the emerald belt came forward, and the Shah took the belt from the tray and placed it around his waist, with the large green emerald facing forward.
Then the officer carrying the royal sword approached the Shah, and he took the sword and hung it on the belt. This was followed by two members of the royal household bringing the jewel studded imperial robe and placing it around the shoulders of the Shah. Then came the final moment, the actual coronation, for which the nation had been waiting for 25 years. The officer carrying the Imperial Crown of Iran, moved forward, and the Shah took the crown from the blue cushion covered tray, and while still standing in front of the Naderi Throne facing the invited guests, placed it on his head, thus crowning himself, as Napoleon I did on December 2nd, The glorious moment was marked by a gun salute, that reverberated through the capital Teheran.
People of all walks of life cheered the long awaited moment and prayers were said in the mosques. To wrap up the rituals of the coronation, another officer moved forward and handed over the royal scepter to the Shah, which he received, and later remounted the Naderi Throne. This was followed by the formal presentation of the Crown Prince, Reza Cyrus, to the nation.
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